Molecular Models

Vibrant illustrations of molecular structures, including toxins and proteins, showcasing intricate details of biological components.

Whooping cough toxin. Molecular model of the pertussis toxin from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. This toxin inhibits...

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Sir3 gene silencer acting on DNA, molecular model. Sir3 (light blue) is acting on a circular strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, pink). Sir3 is an e...

Whooping cough toxin. Molecular model of the pertussis toxin from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. This toxin inhibits...

Yersinia pestis virulence factor. Molecular model of the V_antigen protein, a virulence factor in Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of the plague.

Beta-actin. Molecular model of the cytoskeletal protein beta-actin bound to profilin. The cytoskeleton maintains the cells' shape, allows some cellula...

Dihydrofolate reductase, molecular model. This enzyme converts the vitamin folic acid into a coenzyme.

Epidermal growth factor molecule. Molecular model of epidermal growth factor (EGF) bound to a receptor. EGF plays an important role in the regulation ...

Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, molecular model. This is one of several proteins produced by pathogenic E. coli bacteria in the intestines. ...

Anthrax oedema factor. Molecular model of oedema factor (EF) from the anthrax bacterium Bacillus antracis complexed with a calmodulin protein molecule...

Kinesin motor protein, molecular model. Kinesin motor proteins transport vesicles containing intracellular cargo around the cell along microtubules.

Hexokinase, molecular model. This enzyme promotes the conversion (phosphorylation) of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate. Cells then use the glucose 6-p...

Molecular structure of diphtheria toxin, secreted by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

HIV reverse transcription enzyme. Molecular model of the reverse transcriptase enzyme found in HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus) bound to the inh...

Serotonin N-acetyl transferase. Molecular model of serotonin N-acetyl transferase complexed with coenzyme A-S-acetyltryptamine. Serotonin N-acetyl tra...

Photosynthetic reaction centre. Molecular model of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. This complex...

Copper, zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme, molecular model. This enzyme scavenges and decomposes the potentially toxic first reduction product, superox...

Src protein, molecular model. Src is a tyrosine kinase, a signalling protein in cells that has the ability to 'turn on' protein synthesis and cellular...

Human rotavirus capsid protein, molecular model.

TATA box-binding protein complex. Molecular model showing a yeast TATA box-binding protein (TBP) complexed with a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid...

Yeast mitochondrial processing peptidase, molecular model. This enzyme plays an essential role in importing mitochondrial proteins.

NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the third step in the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle, the process by whi...

Nitric oxide synthase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nitric oxide is involved in cellular sig...

Human transferrin receptor, molecular model. This molecule is found on the surface of a cell. It binds transferrins, iron-binding glycoproteins found ...

Bestrophin-1 protein molecule, illustration

Apopain protein and inhibitor. Molecular model of caspase-3, also known as apopain, complexed with an inhibitor. Caspase-3 is a protease, an enzyme th...

T cell receptor antigen complex. Molecular model of the alphabeta T cell receptor bound to the influenza haemagglutinin antigen and MHC class II molec...

Gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase 1, illustration

Beta-lactamase-like protein 2, molecular model.

Birch pollen allergen molecule, illustration

Heterotrimeric G protein complex molecule. Molecular model of a heterotrimeric G protein complex. This protein has three different subunits (heterotri...

Chaperonin protein complex. Molecular model showing the structure of a GroEL GroES (ADP)7 chaperonin complex. Chaperonins are proteins that provide fa...

TNF alpha molecule, illustration

Nitric oxide synthase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the production of nitric oxide from L-arginine. Nitric oxide is involved in cellular sig...

Botulinum toxin molecule, illustration

Chorionic gonadotropin molecule, illustration

Lactose binding protein. Molecular model of a lectin protein from the peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea) bound to a lactose molecule. Lectins are highly ...

Whooping cough toxin. Molecular model of the pertussis toxin from the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough. This toxin inhibits...

Hemoglobin (or haemoglobin) (frequently abbreviated as Hb), which is contained in red blood cells, serves as the oxygen carrier in blood

NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase, molecular model. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that facilitates the break-down of alcohols in the bod...

Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein. Molecular model of the nucleocapsid protein from the avian infectious bronchitis virus.

Coagulation factor VIII molecule, illustration

Type II topoisomerase, molecular model. The topoisomerase enzymes assist in uncoiling DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is usually stored in a supercoi...

Uricase, molecular model. This enzyme, also known as urate oxidase, catalyses the last stage of purine catabolism. It is absent from humans.

DNA clamp complexed with DNA molecule. Molecular model showing a sliding DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) clamp (ring) complexed with a molecule of DNA (bl...

Glutamine synthetase enzyme, molecular model. This ligase enzyme forms chemical bonds between molecules. It plays an important role in the metabolism ...

Troponin cardiac protein molecule, illustration

Concanavalin A, molecular model. This lectin protein is found in legumes. Lectins are highly specific sugar-binding proteins that play a role in biolo...

Human prion protein, molecular model. Prions are abnormal proteins that cause a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases including BSE in cows and CJ...

Molecule of tetanus neurotoxin, illustration

Diels-Alder antibody catalyst. Molecular model of an antibody that can be used to catalyse the Diels-Alder reaction.

Human interferon beta, molecular model. Interferons are proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response to invading pathogens, e...

Computer generated three-dimensional molecular model of hemoglobin

C-reactive protein, molecular model. The protein is made up of five sub-units (monomers) arranged in a ring. The secondary structure of the protein is...

Calcium-binding protein. Molecule model of the calcium-binding protein calmodulin (CaM). This protein is found in all eukaryotic cells, where it regul...

Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1), molecular model. This protein is involved in the fusion and sorting of endosomes (membrane-bound compartments used to...

RNA exosome complex, molecular model. This multi-protein complex functions to break up strands of RNA (ribonucleic acid, pink) during biochemical proc...

Sindbis virus capsid protein, molecular model.

DNA helicase. Molecular model of a helicase molecule from the SV40 virus. Helicases are enzymes that separate the two strands of the DNA double helix,...

CYP2D6 liver enzyme molecule, illustration

Ribosomal subunit. Computer model showing the structure of the RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules in an 80S (large) ribosomal sub-unit. Ribosomes are co...

Human serum albumin molecule, illustration

SelB elongation factor bound to RNA. Molecular model of the SelB elongation factor bound to an mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) hairpin formed by the...

Poly(A) polymerase and RNA. Molecular model of poly(A) polymerase complexed with RNA (ribonucleic acid) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Poly(A) poly...

LAC repressor bound to DNA. Molecular model of a LAC (lactose) repressor molecule (pink and turquoise) interacting with bacterial DNA (deoxyribonuclei...

HIV-1 capsid in intact virus particle

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site. ...

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site. ...

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, molecular model. This enzyme catalyses the third step in the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle, the process by which mitochondria...

Multidrug transporter. Molecular model of the multidrug transporter EmrD from the bacterium Escherichia coli. This protein pumps drugs, including anti...

HGPRTase. Molecular model of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) bound to a molecule of guanosine monophosphate (GMP). HGPRTase ...

CETP protein molecule, illustration

HIV reverse transcription enzyme. Molecular model of the reverse transcriptase enzyme found in HIV (the human immunodeficiency virus). Reverse transcr...

Coagulation factor VIII molecule, illustration

Flu virus surface protein and drug. Molecular model of the neuraminidase glycoprotein enzyme from on the surface of the influenza A (flu) virus bound ...

Outer membrane receptor protein. Molecular model of FecA an outer membrane receptor protein.

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA sequence to cut DNA at a complementary site. ...

Interleukin-1 beta, molecular model. This cytokine immune protein is an important mediator of the inflammatory response.

Cre-Lox recombination. Molecular model of the enzyme CRE (cyclization recombination) recombinase (beige) mediating the recombination of strands of DNA...

TNF alpha molecule, illustration

ATPase molecule. Molecular model of the central stalk of an ATP synthase (ATPase) molecule from a cow. ATPase is an important enzyme that provides ene...

Amylase. Molecular model of the enzyme alpha-amylase from the human pancreas. Amylase catalyses the breakdown of starch to sugars, and so starts the d...

Abstract molecules, computer illustration.

NAD dependent DNA ligase. Molecular model of NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase. DNA ligase is an enzyme that binds two strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid...

ATP-binding cassette transporter. Molecular model of the human mitochondrial ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB10. This protein is found on the inn...

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme. Molecular model of dihydrolipoyl transacetylase one of the enzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This ...

Catalase. Molecular model of catalase from a cow liver. This enzyme to water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a highly toxic byproduct of a number of ...

Bacteriophage DNA recombination. Molecular model showing DNA manipulation and recombination taking place at a Holliday junction with a bacteriophage e...

C-reactive protein, molecular model. The protein is made up of five sub-units (monomers) arranged in a ring. The secondary structure of the protein is...

Hexokinase, molecular model. This enzyme promotes the conversion (phosphorylation) of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate. Cells then use the glucose 6-p...

Trypsinogen molecule. Molecular model of trypsinogen, the precursor to the digestive protease enzyme trypsin, complexed with an inhibitor. Trypsin is ...

Interferon alpha 2a molecule, illustration

Monoclonal antibody IgG1 molecule, illustration

MHC protein-antigen complex. Molecular model of the human class I MHC (major histocompatibility complex) protein HLA-B27 complexed with beta-2 microgl...

Molecular model of the flap endonuclease protein. This is a class of nucleolytic enzymes that act as both 5'-3' exonucleases and structure-specific en...

Immunoglobulin G antibody molecule. Computer model of the secondary structure of immunoglobulin G (IgG). This is the most abundant immunoglobulin and ...

Monoclonal antibody IgG2a molecule, illustration

Three-dimensional computer generated model of a nucleosome based upon the Protein Database entry 1AOI This a 146 base pair long DNA fragment folded within the nucleosome

Bacterial ribosome. Molecular model of a 30S (small) ribosomal sub-unit from the bacteria Thermus thermophilus. Ribosomes are composed of protein and ...

Green fluorescent protein (GFP), molecular model. The molecule has a cylindrical structure formed from beta sheets (ribbons). GFP is found in the Paci...

Illustration showing the structure of an antibody, or immunoglobulin, molecule. These Y-shaped molecules have two arms that can bind to specific antig...

HIV nucleocapsid protein. Molecular model of the nucleocapsid protein (yellow) from HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-type 1) complexed with the Psi...

Cardiac muscle complex, illustration

Troponin cardiac protein molecule, illustration

Molecular model of the Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP).HSPs are a group of proteins whose levels increase when cells are exposed to raised temperatures or...

Nucleosome molecule, illustration

DNA clamp complexed with DNA molecule. Molecular model showing a sliding DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) clamp (beige) complexed with a molecule of DNA (r...

Map of Afghanistan, Polygonal mesh line map, flag map

Cell death 1 protein molecule, illustration

Taq polymerase PCR enzyme molecule, illustration

Yeast enzyme. Molecular model of an enzyme from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This is the 20S proteasome. A proteasome is a complex type o...

Cellulosome-integrating protein fragment. Molecular model of the cohesion domain of the cellulosome-integrating protein A (CipA). Cip A acts as a scaf...

Pray.

Immunoglobulin G antibody molecule. Computer model showing the secondary structure of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecule. This is the most abundant im...

Insulin 2HIU

Transport inhibitor response 1 protein. Molecular model of the transport inhibitor response 1 protein bound to the plant hormone auxin. This protein i...

DNA Holliday junction. Molecular model of a Holliday junction (centre) between homologous strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). A Holliday junction ...

3D computer graphic of collagen protein

DNA cube, molecular model

Alcohol dehydrogenase, molecular model. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is an enzyme that facilitates the break-down of alcohols in the body, which could ...

Hammerhead ribozyme, molecular model. Ribozymes are RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules that catalyse certain biochemical reactions. Until their discover...

Beta-galactosidase, molecular model. This enzyme breaks down sugars containing galactose, such as lactose, into their basic units (monosaccharides).

Human Poliovirus

Gene activator protein. Molecular model of catabolite gene activator protein (CAP, pink and green) bound to a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA, ...

Cobra venom. Molecular model of an alpha-cobratoxin (snake venom protein) from an Indochinese spitting cobra (Naja siamensis). This neurotoxin acts by...

Molecular model of a Heat Shock Protein (HSP).HSPs are a group of proteins whose levels increase when cells are exposed to raised temperatures or othe...

Metarhodopsin II molecule, molecular model. This is one of the intermediary breakdown products formed when light falls on the photoreceptor pigment rh...

Tumour suppressor protein, molecular model. P53 prevents the proliferation of cells with damaged DNA. Its production occurs in response to radiation a...

Simian virus (SV40) large T antigen, molecular model. This antigen is from the simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). Large T antigens play a role in reg...

Ebola viral protein 35 and RNA. Molecular model of the Ebola viral protein 35 (VP35) bound to a molecule of double stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid). Th...

Molecular model of a ubiquitin-activating enzyme, also known as E1 enzymes. These catalyze the first step in the ubiquitination reaction, which target...

Tumour suppressor protein. Molecular model of the tumour suppressor protein p53 (beige) bound to a molecule of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, red and blu...

Lambda integrase. Molecular model of the integrase enzyme from the lambda bacteriophage. This enzyme is used to integrate the phage´s DNA deoxyribonuc...

HPV surface protein L1, molecular model. This is a complex made up of the protein L1, found in the capsid (outer protein coat) of the human papilloma ...

Succinyl-CoA synthetase bound to GTP, molecular model. Also known as succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (SCS), this enzyme catalyses the reversible reacti...

Src protein, molecular model. Src is a tyrosine kinase, a signalling protein in cells that has the ability to 'turn on' protein synthesis and cellular...

70S ribosome. Molecular model of a 70S ribosome complex containing a Shine-Dalgarno helix, the point of mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) binding. Rib...

Cyclin-dependent kinases - p19.

The structure of the extracellular, three-domain poliovirus receptor (CD155) complexed with poliovirus (serotype 1) Atomic data obtained from PDB entry 1DGI

Heat shock protein 70. Molecular model of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP) complexed with its substrate peptide. HSPs are a group of proteins whose...

Thrombin protein, molecular model. Thrombin is an enzyme involved in the blood coagulation (clotting) process. It converts fibrinogen (a soluble plasm...

NIH fellows Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien shared the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with former fellow Osamu Shimomura for their groundbreaking work on green fluorescent protein. This naturally brilliant protein found in jellyfish has become a powerful tool for studying molecules inside living cells.

Notch transcription complex. Molecular model of the notch transcription complex bound to the human Hes1 promoter on a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic ...

Ocriplasmin (microplasmin) vitreomacular adhesion drug, molecular model. Ocriplasmin is a protease enzyme that dissolves the proteins holding the eye ...

Human serum albumin, molecular model. Albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma. One of albumin's functions is to transport fatty aci...

Rhinovirus Molecule

Flu virus surface protein molecule. Molecular model of the neuraminidase glycoprotein enzyme found on the surface of the influenza A (flu) virus. The ...

molecular model of tumor necrosis factor receptor

Lyme disease bacteria, illustration

C-reactive protein molecule, illustration

Type I topoisomerase bound to DNA. Molecular model showing a type I topoisomerase molecule (khaki) bound to a strand of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, re...

Botulinum toxin molecule, illustration

Aspirin drug target. Molecular model of the enzyme prostaglandin H2 synthase (PGHS), the target of the anti-inflammatory drug aspirin.

Trimeric G protein, complex with RGS4, model

Epidermal growth factor molecule, illustration

RNA interference viral suppressor and RNA. Molecular model of the p19 protein (yellow) from a Tombusvirus, suppressing a double-stranded, small interf...

CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing complex from Streptococcus pyogenes. The Cas9 nuclease protein uses a guide RNA (ribonucleic acid) sequence to cut DNA (deoxy...

Trimeric G protein, molecular model

Serum amyloid P-component, mol. model.

Metabolic enzyme. Molecular model of the enzyme aconitase, which is involved in the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle. The citric acid cycle is the process...

Neuropeptide Y neurotransmitter molecule. Molecular model showing the structure of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY is found in the brai...

Chromium terephthalate, illustration

Molecular model of G-protein/phosducin

Chorionic gonadotropin molecule, illustration

3D computer generated model of the yellow fever virus, based upon Protein Database entry 1NA4

G protein/Ras-RasGAP complex, surf.potential

LAC repressor. Molecular model of a LAC (lactose) repressor molecule. The LAC repressor inhibits the expression of genes that code for an enzyme which...

Molecular model of heterotrimeric G protein

Transcription activation of IFN-beta gene. Molecular model of an enhanceosome containing the transcription factors IRF-3, ATF-2 and c-Jun bound to the...

Anthrax lethal factor, molecular model. This enzyme is one of three protein components that form the anthrax toxin produced by the bacterium Bacillus ...

Streptavidin bacterial protein, molecular model. Streptavidin is a protein obtained from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii. It has a very high affin...

Transcription repressor. Molecular model of the Tup 1 transcription repressor protein. Transcription repressors bind to specific sequences of DNA (deo...

G protein: Ras-RasGAP complex, mol. model

CYP2D6 liver enzyme molecule, illustration

Mitogen-activated phosphokinase, mol. model

DNA nucleosomes. Molecular model of four DNA deoxyribonucleic acid nucleosomes, known as a tetranucleosome. Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating ...

Histidine phosphocarrier protein, mol. model

Multidrug transporter molecule, illustration

Ribbons is a program developed at UAB used worldwide to graphically depict complicated protein structures in a simplified format. The program uses sophisticated computer systems to understand the implications of protein structures. The Influenza virus remains a major causative agent for a large number of deaths among the elderly and young children and huge economic losses due to illness. Finding a cure will have a general impact both on the basic research of viral pathologists of fast evolving infectious agents and clinical treatment of influenza virus infection. The reproduction process of all strains of influenza are dependent on the same enzyme neuraminidase. Shown here is a segmented representation of the neuraminidase inhibitor compound sitting inside a cave-like contour of the neuraminidase enzyme surface. This cave-like formation present in every neuraminidase enzyme is the active site crucial to the flu's ability to infect. The space-grown crystals of neuraminidase have provide

Cyclin-dependent kinases.

Histidine phosphocarrier protein, mol. model

Histidine carrier proteins, ribbon diagrams

Map of Dominica, Polygonal mesh line map, flag map

Tumour Necrosis Factor - cytokine

Bacterial wall and antibiotic resistance. Illustration of the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance. Here, the gram-negative bacterium has deve...

Anthrax oedema factor. Molecular model of oedema factor (EF) from the anthrax bacterium Bacillus anthracis complexed with a calmodulin protein molecul...

Molecular model of porin, ribbon diagram.

Molecular model of bacteriorhodopsin, ribbon

Molecular model of SH3 domain showing peptidic

Fatty acid synthase (FAS), molecular model. FAS is a multi-enzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of fatty acids (lipids) in the human body. It...

Molecular model of calmodulin +/- ligand

Map of Seychelles, Polygonal mesh line map, flag map

Retinoblastoma tumour suppressor. Molecular model of a retinoblastoma tumour suppressor (Rb) bound to a transcription factor E2F-1. Rb proteins encour...

Bacteriorhodopsin, molecular model

Molecular model of calmodulin with a ligand

AIDS, HIV proteinase, molecular model

Molecular model of insulin molecule

DAMP complex of serum amyloid P-component

Molecular model of cytochrome oxidase, ribbon

Protein kinase family phylogeny, mol.models

Tyrosine phosphatase catalytic domain

Molecular model,trimeric G-protein/transduci

Circadian clock molecule, illustration

Growth hormone receptor, molecular model

T-cell receptor/peptide/MHC class II complex

Bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, mol.model

Serum amyloid P-component, mol. model.

Molecular model of bacteriorhodopsin, ribbon

AIDS, reverse transcriptase/Nev complex

Map of Italy, Campania highlighted. Political map of Italy with the several regions where Campania is highlighted.

Human insulin-like growth factor 1,mol.model

Protein G Type 7, molecular model

Molecular model of alpha-haemolysin heptamer,

HaeIII enzyme restriction site, illustration

Images of dopamine transporter (DAT) binding in three brains: (1) a healthy control (top), (2) a methamphetamine abuser one month after discontinuing drug abuse (middle), and (3) a methamphetamine abuser after 24 months of abstinence (bottom).