Sake cup (guinomi), 19th century, Unknown Japanese, 15/16 x 3 9/16 x 3 9/16 in. (2.38 x 9.05 x 9.05 cm), Lacquer, Japan, 19th century, One of the most distinctive techniques for using lacquer was developed by Japanese artisans in the early 10th century. Known as maki-e, or 'sprinkled pictures,' this technique involved sprinkling gold or silver powder onto the surface of damp lacquer. This sake cup represents the opulent extreme of this tradition as it had evolved in the 18th and 19th centuries. Using a variety of techniques, lacquer artists created designs, primarily in gold, that encrusted the entire surface of their wares. For this small sake cup, relatively coarse gold flakes were scattered across the surface to form the ground. This speckled surface was known as 'pear skin' (nashiji). Two tortoises were rendered in slight relief (takamaki-e) and distinguished from the background by the use of very fine gold powder. Since tortoises live to great ages, Japanese typically depict them