Panel with an Ivory Crucifixion Scene late 11th century Spanish This panel originally may have served as the sumptuous cover of a sacred book. Incorporating a variety of costly materials and refined artistic techniques, it represents the kind of luxurious multimedia work much prized by medieval people. While many of the stone, glass, and enamel ornaments that once embellished the frame have been lost, the central Crucifixion scene survives mostly intact, comprising individually-carved ivory figures set against a gilded silver backing dominated by the cross. Jesus, the largest and most volumetric figure, is flanked by his mother Mary and Saint John the Evangelist. Additionally, two anonymous mourning figures hover over the cross, occupying spaces typically designated for the sun and moon or pairs of angels. Short inscriptions hammered from the back of the metal surface provide the abbreviated name of Jesus of Nazareth at the top of the cross and, at the base, the words "Felicia Regina."