Leaf Excised from a "Decretum" by Gratian: Initial Canonici cuiusdam ecclesiae with a Seated Cleric, c. 1300-1310. France, Avignon(?), 14th century. Ink, tempera, and gold on vellum; sheet: 34.3 x 19.7 cm (13 1/2 x 7 3/4 in.). Introducing Causa XIV (law case) of the Decretum, this initial C is but one component of a complex decoration scheme. The artist also included a miniature representing an audience scene before a bishop and large drollery (hybrid figure) of a jousting knight beneath the left text column. Both of these devices serve to separate the end of one text and the beginning of another but, in the process, overshadow the initial itself. The script has been identified as by an Italian hand. Because Bologna was the center for the study of canon law at this time, it seems that the codex may have been copied there. The illumination was applied after the undecorated manuscript was carried to France.