Caroline Nightingale 1875 Unknown A sobering foil to the cartes-de-visite of the celebrated and powerful, these records from an unidentified British insane asylum exemplify the 19th centurys varied uses of the medium as a means of diagnosis, surveillance, and social control. The photography of mental illness has its roots in the physiognomic research of Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741-1801), who believed that diverse forms of madness could be read in the individuals physical features. Emblems of Victorian repression, these kinds of pictures actually served multiple purposes: as a record of the patients initial condition, for therapeutic use with the patient to show them their progress, and as identification in case of escape. The photographs direct, scientific look is belied by the poignant and harrowing doctors notes, which tell of patients "forsaken by God". Like Alphonse Bertillons contemporary system of criminal identification using similar cards in Paris, the idea of a photograp