Roman siege towers positioned to give attackers the advantage of height above the city walls, From Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis by Justus Lipsius (Antwerp, 1605), Engraving

Gunners laying siege to moated and fortified enclosure. Attackers are using earth-filled Gabions to protect their guns and themselves. From Utriusque cosmi...historia, by Robert Fludd (Oppenheim, 1617-1619), Copperplate engraving

Roman warfare: raising 'baskets' of attackers to ramparts of a besieged fortress, From Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis by Justus Lipsius (Antwerp, 1605), Engraving

Roman warfare, Defenders attempting to disable battering rams, On right, attackers handling ram under protective 'cat', From Poliorceticon sive de machinis tormentis telis by Justus Lipsius (Antwerp, 1605), Engraving