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Samburu boys wearing the charcoal-blackened goatskin cloaks of those about to be circumcised drive their families' herds to t...
Samburu boys wearing the charcoal-blackened goatskin cloaks of those about to be circumcised drive their families' herds to their lorara (a purpose-built circumcision encampment), shortly before they undergo the ritual. A family's herds must be penned in the lorara until the circumcision





Samburu initiates sing during the month after their circumcision. As their wounds heal, their dances become more energetic. B...
Samburu initiates sing during the month after their circumcision. As their wounds heal, their dances become more energetic. Before long, they imitate the dances of the warriors which, hitherto, they have been forbidden to perform.





A Samburu youth is circumcised outside his mothers house as his two sponsors attend him, one holding his shoulders while turn...
A Samburu youth is circumcised outside his mothers house as his two sponsors attend him, one holding his shoulders while turning his face away from the circumciser, the other holding his right leg.Boys are not allowed to show any sign of fear or pain.





Early in the morning, a Samburu youth sings the lebarta, the Samburu circumcision song, just after he has been circumcised ou...
Early in the morning, a Samburu youth sings the lebarta, the Samburu circumcision song, just after he has been circumcised outside his mothers house. One of his sponsors attends him by holding his back. Boys are not allowed to show any sign of fear or pain.





Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song o...
Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song of the Bulls. Each young man will take centre-stage to extol the praises of his favourite ox. He will explain how it came into his possession, its distinguishing traits and with outstretched arms, imitate the shape of its horns.





A Samburu youth sitting on an ox hide just after he has been circumcised outside his mothers house. His two sponsors attend h...
A Samburu youth sitting on an ox hide just after he has been circumcised outside his mothers house. His two sponsors attend him, one holding his shoulders, the other preparing to help carry him into the house.





A Samburu initiate with bird skins hanging from his headband. While their wounds heal for a month after circumcision, initiat...
A Samburu initiate with bird skins hanging from his headband. While their wounds heal for a month after circumcision, initiates spend their time attempting to kill as many birds as they can with a club and four blunt arrows. When a bird is killed, it is skinned without using a knife, stuffed with dry grass and attached to the boy's head band by means of its beak. =





Two Turkana girls set off to fetch water from a nearby Waterhole. Their water containers are made of wood by the women of the...
Two Turkana girls set off to fetch water from a nearby Waterhole. Their water containers are made of wood by the women of the tribe. Their 'V' shaped aprons are made of goatskin and have been edged with hundreds and hundreds of round discs fashioned out of ostrich eggshells.





Mothers rub animal fat into their sons cloaks to make them supple. This task is performed shortly before the boys set out on ...
Mothers rub animal fat into their sons cloaks to make them supple. This task is performed shortly before the boys set out on an arduous journey to collect sticks, staves and gum to make bows, blunt arrows and clubs after their circumcision.





Donkeys are indispensable beast of burden, assuring the nomadic Turkana of complete mobility. These study little animals carr...
Donkeys are indispensable beast of burden, assuring the nomadic Turkana of complete mobility. These study little animals carry the few essentials of life in oval panniers strapped to their flanks. Infants, puppies and newborn kids will also ride securely in them. The skittle-shaped wooden containers are used for milk and water.





Watched by his friends, a Samburu initiate shoots his arrows for the last time during the lmuget loolbaa ceremony a month aft...
Watched by his friends, a Samburu initiate shoots his arrows for the last time during the lmuget loolbaa ceremony a month after he was circumcised. He has already discarded his black leather cloak and now smears himself for the first time with a mixture of animal fat and red ochre.





In the weeks leading up to their circumcision, Samburu boys gather frequently to sing the lebarta, a circumcision song with a...
In the weeks leading up to their circumcision, Samburu boys gather frequently to sing the lebarta, a circumcision song with a slow, haunting melody whose words are ad libbed to suit the occasion.





Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song o...
Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song of the Bulls. Each young man will take centre-stage to extol the praises of his favourite ox. He will explain how it came into his possession, its distinguishing traits and with outstretched arms, imitate the shape of its horns.





Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song o...
Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song of the Bulls. Each young man will take centre-stage to extol the praises of his favourite ox. He will explain how it came into his possession, its distinguishing traits and with outstretched arms, imitate the shape of its horns.





In the weeks leading up to their circumcision, Samburu boys gather frequently to sing the lebarta, a circumcision song with a...
In the weeks leading up to their circumcision, Samburu boys gather frequently to sing the lebarta, a circumcision song with a slow, haunting melody whose words are ad libbed to suit the occasion.





A Samburu youth in circumcision attire waits pensively outside his mother's house for his turn 'under the knife'. The circumc...
A Samburu youth in circumcision attire waits pensively outside his mother's house for his turn 'under the knife'. The circumciser begins operating on the sons of the most senior family first and moves quickly in a clockwise direction Boys are not allowed to show any sign of fear or pain. Even the blink of an eyelid is frowned upon.





A Samburu youth is forcibly restrained after throwing a fit in the tension-filled days leading up to his circumcision. It is ...
A Samburu youth is forcibly restrained after throwing a fit in the tension-filled days leading up to his circumcision. It is not uncommon for Samburu youths and warriors to succumb to hysterical and often violent outbursts. These fits, known to them as ndokuna, pass after a few minutes although the person may be drained of his energy for several hours.





Mothers rub animal fat into their sons cloaks to make them supple. This task is performed shortly before the boys set out on ...
Mothers rub animal fat into their sons cloaks to make them supple. This task is performed shortly before the boys set out on an arduous journey to collect sticks, staves and gum to make bows, blunt arrows and clubs after their circumcision.





St. Sebastian with St. John the BaptiSt. and St. Francis of Assisi. Madonna and Child and Two Angels (Lomellini altarpiece), ...
St. Sebastian with St. John the BaptiSt. and St. Francis of Assisi. Madonna and Child and Two Angels (Lomellini altarpiece), by Lippi Filippino, 16th Century, 1503, painting on wood, cm 298 x 185 95 x 185 cm lunetta





Items from schoolchildren from an earlier era hanging on a coat rack, caps, umbrella, school bag, school books held together ...
Items from schoolchildren from an earlier era hanging on a coat rack, caps, umbrella, school bag, school books held together with a leather belt, garderobe in the historic Maxschule school, Duesseldorf, Nordrhein_Westfalen, Germany, Europe





In the weeks leading up to their circumcision, Samburu boys must wear charcoal blackened cloaks, which are made from three go...
In the weeks leading up to their circumcision, Samburu boys must wear charcoal blackened cloaks, which are made from three goatskins by their mothers.





Guy I (1020s~1100), count of Ponthieu.. . "To the Franks and the Anglo Saxons, the mantle was reserved for persons of elevate...
Guy I (1020s~1100), count of Ponthieu.. . "To the Franks and the Anglo Saxons, the mantle was reserved for persons of elevated rank. To prove it, the count of Ponthieu (83) wears one.". . "One notices already, toward the 8th century, breastplates made of leather (84), others made in the form of scales (83), and suits of chain-mail.". . "In the era of Pepin-le-bref in 752, one already finds a great diversity of weapons among the Franks: among others, lances and slings (83, 84), war axes, clubs an





A Samburu youth in circumcision attire waits pensively for his turn 'under the knife'. The circumciser begins operating on th...
A Samburu youth in circumcision attire waits pensively for his turn 'under the knife'. The circumciser begins operating on the sons of the most senior family first and moves quickly in a clockwise direction Boys are not allowed to show any sign of fear or pain. Even the blink of an eyelid is frowned upon.





Donkeys are indispensable beast of burden, assuring the nomadic Turkana of complete mobility. These study little animals carr...
Donkeys are indispensable beast of burden, assuring the nomadic Turkana of complete mobility. These study little animals carry the few essentials of life in oval panniers strapped to their flanks. Infants, puppies and newborn kids will also ride securely in them. The skittle-shaped containers are used for milk and water.





Norman noblemen in long tunics and mantles: one in long mantle to the calf (114); one in leather shoes "galoches" decorated i...
Norman noblemen in long tunics and mantles: one in long mantle to the calf (114); one in leather shoes "galoches" decorated in a singular fashion; and one in the manteaux des rois (mantles of the kings) trailing on the ground (116).. . Handcolored copperplate engraving from Robert von Spalart's "Historical Picture of the Costumes of the Principal People of Antiquity and of the Middle Ages" (1796).





Dressed in black leather cloaks and singing the lebarta, Samburu boys return to their lorora in the early morning carrying ov...
Dressed in black leather cloaks and singing the lebarta, Samburu boys return to their lorora in the early morning carrying over their right shoulders sticks, staves and gum, which they have collected to make bows, blunt arrows and clubs after their circumcision.





Samburu initiates skin a bird without the use of a knife. While their wounds heal for a month after circumcision, initiates s...
Samburu initiates skin a bird without the use of a knife. While their wounds heal for a month after circumcision, initiates spend their time attempting to kill as many birds as they can with a club and four blunt arrows. When a bird is killed, it is skinned, stuffed with dry grass and attached to the boy's head band by means of its beak.





Donkeys are indispensable beast of burden, assuring the nomadic Turkana of complete mobility. These study little animals carr...
Donkeys are indispensable beast of burden, assuring the nomadic Turkana of complete mobility. These study little animals carry the few essentials of life in oval panniers strapped to their flanks. Infants, puppies and newborn kids will also ride securely in them. The skittle-shaped containers are used for milk and water.





A Samburu youth is attended by his colleagues after throwing a fit in the tension-filled days leading up to his circumcision....
A Samburu youth is attended by his colleagues after throwing a fit in the tension-filled days leading up to his circumcision. It is not uncommon for Samburu youths and warriors to succumb to hysterical and often violent outbursts. These fits, known to them as ndokuna, pass after a few minutes although the person may be drained of his energy for several hours.





Dressed in his black goatskin cloak, a Samburu boy puts his bundle of sticks, staves and gum on the roof of his mother's hous...
Dressed in his black goatskin cloak, a Samburu boy puts his bundle of sticks, staves and gum on the roof of his mother's house. He has collected these with other boys from a special type of Commiphora tree during an arduous journey on foot of up to 200 miles. After his circumcision, he will make them into bows, blunt arrows and clubs.





A Samburu man watches over his cattle in the early morning. A family's herds must be penned in the lorara (a purpose-built ci...
A Samburu man watches over his cattle in the early morning. A family's herds must be penned in the lorara (a purpose-built circumcision encampment) before a boy can be circumcised.





A Samburu initiate takes aim at a bird with a blunt arrow. While their wounds heal for a month after circumcision, initiates ...
A Samburu initiate takes aim at a bird with a blunt arrow. While their wounds heal for a month after circumcision, initiates spend their time wandering in the countryside attempting to kill as many birds as they can with a club and four blunt arrows.





Young Mursi girls with singular, intricately shaven, hairstyles wear traditional attire. The older of the two girls has adorn...
Young Mursi girls with singular, intricately shaven, hairstyles wear traditional attire. The older of the two girls has adorned herself with numerous brass and metal bracelets, and wears a skin apron and cloak, attractively decorated with thin stripes. They live in a remote area of southwest Ethiopia along the Omo River.





The day before their circumcision, Samburu boys set out in a group to draw water from a source that never dries up. Each boy ...
The day before their circumcision, Samburu boys set out in a group to draw water from a source that never dries up. Each boy will carry a new gourd shaped container made by his mother from hollowed out wood.





A Samburu youth sings the lebarta, the Samburu circumcision song, just after he has been circumcised outside his mother's hou...
A Samburu youth sings the lebarta, the Samburu circumcision song, just after he has been circumcised outside his mother's house. His ritual sponsors attend him before lifting him into the house for a rest. Boys are not allowed to show any sign of fear or pain.





Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. After months of separation, young men and girls gather together during the ...
Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. After months of separation, young men and girls gather together during the rains when grass is abundant and life is relatively easy for a while. The Turkana have a rich repertoire of at least twenty dances, most of which are quite energetic.





A Samburu youth is carried by his sponsors into his mother's house to rest just after he has been circumcised in the early mo...
A Samburu youth is carried by his sponsors into his mother's house to rest just after he has been circumcised in the early morning. Boys are not allowed to show any sign of fear or pain. Even the blink of an eyelid is frowned upon. It takes a good circumciser a minute to finish the operation and move quickly on to his next customer.





Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song o...
Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session, the participants invariably enjoy the Song of the Bulls. Each young man will take centre-stage to extol the praises of his favourite ox. He will explain how it came into his possession, its distinguishing traits and with outstretched arms, imitate the shape of its horns.





A Samburu boy the day before his circumcision. He has daubed the right side of his face and body with white clay while drawin...
A Samburu boy the day before his circumcision. He has daubed the right side of his face and body with white clay while drawing water from a source that never dries up. Each boy will carry for this purpose a new gourd shaped container made by his mother from hollowed out wood.





Greek Art. Early Hellenistic. Marble statuette of Dionysos. 3rd century BC. Dressed with chiton, leather belt panther, goat s...
Greek Art. Early Hellenistic. Marble statuette of Dionysos. 3rd century BC. Dressed with chiton, leather belt panther, goat skin as a cape and Thracian boots. Comes from Koukouvaones (Attica). Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. United States.





A Samburu woman sews a leather cloak for her younger brother. For several weeks before a boy is circumcised, he must wear a c...
A Samburu woman sews a leather cloak for her younger brother. For several weeks before a boy is circumcised, he must wear a charcoal-blackened cloak, which is made from three goatskins.





Roman soldiers in different types of armour and battledress, with scale armour (lorica squamata), shield (scutum), leather ar...
Roman soldiers in different types of armour and battledress, with scale armour (lorica squamata), shield (scutum), leather armour, helmet, lance and war cloak (chlamis). Handcolored copperplate engraving from Robert von Spalart's "Historical Picture of the Costumes of the Principal People of Antiquity and of the Middle Ages" (1798).





Kenya, South Horr, Kurungu. A Samburu youth after his circumcision. The day after he has been circumcised, the initiate must ...
Kenya, South Horr, Kurungu. A Samburu youth after his circumcision. The day after he has been circumcised, the initiate must hang in his pierced earlobes copper ear ornaments that are normally worn by married women.
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